16S ribosomal RNA Totally Explained

Everything about 16s Ribosomal Rna totally explained

The 16S rRNA is a 1542 nt long component of the small prokaryotic ribosomal subunit (30S) and has several functions:

Like the large ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal protein.
The 3' end contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA.
Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits (50S+30S).
Stabilizes correct codon-anticodon pairing in the A site, via a hydrogen bond formation between the N1 atom of Adenine (see image of Purine chemical structure) residues 1492 and 1943 and the 2'OH group of the mRNA backbone. Genes VIII p 160 contains a detailed structural diagram.

Universal Primers

It is used for phylogenetic studies as it's highly conserved, in fact the PCR primers are called universal (or quasi-universal as it doesn't pick up some recently discovered hydrothermal archaea species).
   16S rRNA Forward AGA GTT TGA TCC TGG CTC AG
   16S rRNA Reverse ACG GCT ACC TTG TTA CGA CTT
   Mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA is picked up, but not that of Nanoarchaeota.

PCR applications

In addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16s rDNA sequences contain hypervariable regions which can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for bacterial identification to species level. As a result, 16s rDNA sequencing has become prevalent in medical microbiology as a rapid, accurate alternative to phenotypic methods of bacterial identification.

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